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GlossaryA • B • C • D • E • F • G • H • I • K • L • M • N • O • P • R • S • T • V • W
A well that is no longer used or a well that has been permanently closed according to Arkansas regulations.
The system for the final treatment of the septic tank effluent and return of the treated wastewater to the hydrologic cycle. The leaching system includes the lateral lines or sewage disposal line, the perforated pipes, the rock material, and the leaching trenches.
The portion of a pesticide formulation that is active against target pests
An air space (open space) between the hose or faucet and water level, representing one way to prevent backflow of liquids into a well or water supply.
Ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, anhydrous ammonia, nitrogen solutions, urea.
A specific plan designed to manage animal wastes so that the most benefit is obtained and the environment is protected.
A check valve or other mechanical device to prevent unwanted reverse flow of liquids back down a water supply pipe into a well.
A subsurface zone or strata of sand, gravel, or fractured rock that is used as a water source.
The unwanted reverse flow of liquids in a piping system.
Backflow caused by formation of a vacuum in a water supply pipe.
A technique for applying starter fertilizers at planting. Fertilizers is applied in a band about 2 inches below and 2 inches to the side of the seed.
Organisms that reduce pest numbers, normally predators or parasites of pests. Frequently insects and bacteria, but may be fungi, nematodes, etc.
Control of pest populations by naturally occurring parasites or predators.
Pesticides derived from living organisms, usually via fermentation (e.g. Bt).
The decomposition of materials by naturally occurring organisms.
A method of applying fertilizers in which it is uniformly spread over the surface of fields.
Any on-farm system of open burning, such as burning in a barrel.
A method for determining if the desired amount of material is being applied by a piece of equipment.
Steel or plastic pipe installed while drilling a well, to prevent collapse of the well bore hole and entrance of contaminants, and to allow placement of a pump or pumping equipment.
One of several techniques to prevent corrosion of a metal surface by reversing the electric current that causes corrosion. A tank system can be protected by sacrificial anodes or impressed current. (See sacrificial anodes and impressed current.)
A person certified by the state to install and repair petroleum storage tanks.
Organic residues that have been collected and allowed to decompose.
A controlled process of decomposing organic matter by microorganisms.
A soil sample submitted for testing that is an accurate representative of the sampling area (such as a cropland field). A composite sample should consist of at least 5 individual soil cores per 5 acres.
Any facility where livestock or poultry are confined and fed or maintained.
One method of corrosion protection is cathodic protection. Steel tanks can be protected by coating them with a corrosion-resistant coating combined with "cathodic" protection. Steel underground tanks can also be protected from corrosion if they are bonded to a thick layer of noncorrosive material, such as fiberglass-reinforced plastic. Also, the corrosion problem can be entirely avoided by using tanks and piping made completely of noncorrosive material, such as fiberglass.
A link or channel between pipes, wells, fixtures, or tanks carrying contaminated water and those carrying potable (safe for drinking) water. Contaminated water, if at higher pressure, enters the potable water system.
A program of getting a percentage of the costs of a project, facility, or effort paid by the Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service.
Densely seeded crops (such rye, oats, and wheat) planted in the interim period between principal crop production to protect soil from erosion.
Control of pest populations through crop variety selection, crop rotation, planning date, equipment sanitation, etc.
The breakdown of organic materials.
A water-tight box that receives the discharge of effluent from the septic tank and distributes the flow of sewage to each individual line of the leaching system.
A channel, embankment, or other man-made structure constructed to divert water from one area to another.
See absorption field.
Wells not dug or driven, including those constructed by a combination of jetting or driving. These wells are normally 4 to 8 inches in diameter.
Materials like paper, cardboard, and untreated wood that have little chance of producing toxic residues.
Wells constructed by driving assembled lengths of pipe into the ground with percussion equipment or by hand. These wells are usually smaller in diameter (2 inches or less), less than 50 feet deep, and can be installed in areas of relatively loose soils and sediments, such as sand.
Large-diameter wells often constructed by hand.
A local landfill that is not designed to prevent leaching and offers little groundwater protection.
Liquid discharged from a septic tank or other treatment tank.
An area of vegetation for removing sediment, organic material, organisms, nutrients, and chemicals in runoff or wastewater.
The result of coating an iron or steel structure with zinc. Galvanized materials do not meet corrosion protection requirements.
Subsurface water in a zone of saturation.
Slurry of cement or clay used to seal the space between the outside of the well casing and the bore hole, or to seal an abandoned well.
A hazardous waste collection service offered by businesses with vehicles licensed to transport hazardous waste to licensed hazardous waste facilities.
Cropland fields that have an erosion index of 8 or greater. Such fields are required to be farmed according to an approved conservation plan as specified in the 1985 Farm Bill (Food Security Act).
A special program in which a community collects waste for disposal in a specially constructed hazardous waste landfill or incinerator.
Rock formed by cooling and solidification of liquid parts of the rock portion of the earth.
A community incinerator specifically engineered to burn municipal quantities of home waste.
This protection system introduces an electric current into the ground through a series of anodes that are not attached to the underground tank. Because the electric current flowing from these anodes to the tank system is greater than the corrosive current attempting to flow from it, the underground tank is protected from corrosion.
A liner for petroleum storage tanks made of noncorrosive synthetic materials that can be effective in protecting metal tanks.
Measuring and comparing the volume of tank contents regularly with product delivery and withdrawal records to help detect leaks before major problems develop.
Planning crop irrigation frequencies and amounts on the basis of soil, crop, climatic, and management factors.
An ecological approach to pest management that uses techniques to avoid economic damage to crops and reduce risks to the environment.
Topography formed over limestone or dolomite where there are sinkholes, caverns, and lack of surface streams.
Those pests that occur annually and cause economic damage to crops. An IPM program is structured to maintain key pests below damaging levels.
A holding and treatment structure for agricultural wastes.
See animal waste management plan.
liquids that have percolated through a soil and that contain substances in solution or suspension.
The removal of soluble materials from soils or other material by water.
Amount of nitrogen available to a crop following a legume crop (such as alfalfa, clover, and soybeans) in the rotation. This amount of nitrogen should be deducted from the crop's base nitrogen fertilizers recommendation.
A restrictive covering over all or part of a holding structure to prevent seepage.
Any system used for the collection, storage, distribution, or disposal of animal waste in liquid form generated by a confined animal operation.
A landfill specifically designed to protect groundwater through the use of a high quality clay or clay/impermeable film liner, accompanied by a system of buried pipes to collect any liquids generated. Meets current state standards.
Amount of crop nutrients available from a given unit of manure, usually expressed in pounds of nutrient (N, PO) per ton or per 1,000 gallons of manure. Determined either through manure sample analysis or use of University of Arkansas laboratory averages (book values).
Control of pest populations through soil disturbances as a result of tillage or cultivation.
Rock formed by recrystallization of igneous or sedimentary rock under great pressure and heat, and by means of chemical reactions.
The weight of a substance measured in micrograms contained in one liter. It equivalent to 1 part per billion in water measure.
The weight of a substance measured in milligrams contained in one liter. It is equivalent to 1 part per million in water measure.
Trash that includes materials like empty liquid containers for cleaners, solvents, or products that may leave a toxic residue.
Has the ability to move or be moved.
Nitrogen applications in which fertilizers is applied in several increments during the growing season, with none of the fertilizers being applied prior to planting.
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
Narrow spetrum pesticides act on a single species or a limited range of species while broad spectrum pesticides are toxic to a wide range of organisms.
A compound added to ammonium or ammonium-forming nitrogen fertilizers to slow the conversion of ammonium to nitrate, which reduces the potential for nitrogen losses that occur in the nitrate form (such as leaching and denitrification).
Usually referring to those elements necessary for plant growth nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K).
A method for calculating the amount of nutrients that are available and the amount that is used.
Test of a material to determine its nutrient (usually N, P, K) value.
The amount of crop nutrients available from noncommercial fertilizers (such as manure and organic waste) applications to cropland, legumes grown in rotation with grain crops, carry-over soil nitrate, and so forth. The amount of the nutrient credit is determined and then deducted from the base fertilizers recommendation. Accounting for nutrient credits can result in economic and environmental benefits.
See animal waste management plan.
Any method of burning, dumping, or land-spreading of wastes on the farm. Also includes use of the septic system for disposal.
The midrange of soil test values (or levels) for phosphorus and potassium. At optimum soil test values, fertilizers additions are approximately equal to the crop's nutrient use.
Matter containing compounds of plant or animal origin, measured by organic carbon content.
A measurement of concentration of one unit of material dispersed in one million units of another.
A measurement of concentration of one unit of material dispersed in one million units of another.
The downward movement of water through soil.
The quality that enables soil to transmit water or air.
The amount of time a pesticide remains in the environment without breaking down into less toxic compounds.
a classification system that groups pesticides with similar chemical structure and similar modes of action against pests.
Rinse water from pesticide or fertilizers tank cleaning.
Reusing waste materials to develop another product.
The material that remains after decomposition.
Analyzing of soil samples to estimate the major nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) supplying capacity of a given soil as well as pH. Fertilizers and lime recommendations are based on soil test results.
Water that has not moved into the soil but moves across the soil or some other surface.
Pieces of metal attached directly to an underground tank that are more electrically active than the steel tank. Because the anodes are more active, electric current runs from the anodes rather than from the tank. The tank becomes the cathode (positive electrode) and is protected from corrosion. The attached anode (negative electrode) is "sacrificed" or consumed in the corrosion process.
Sampling crops to determine levels of pest populations, also used to assess natural mortality, plant health and level of beneficial insects.
See lining.
A narrow spectrum pesticide that is effective only against certain pest species.
A structure in which settle able solids are removed by gravity.
A system such as a sealed basin and dike that will catch and hold the contents of a tank if it leaks or ruptures.
Concrete floor and walls around a chemical storage area that minimize the amount of chemical seeping into the ground from a spill or leak.
The accumulated floating material, including grease and other light solids, in a septic tank.
A single tank or series of tanks in which two processes take place settling of the solids and the digestion of some of the accumulated solids.
The application of one pesticide to a site following another.
The distance from sensitive areas (surface water, wetlands, tile drain inlets, etc.) where no pesticides are applied.
Any liquid wastes containing animal or vegetable matter in suspension or solution, including liquid wastes from toilets, kitchen sinks, lavatories, washing machines, and other plumbing fixtures.
A plan prepared by the NRCS, an Arkansas Soil and Water Conservation District water quality technician, or a professional engineer registered in Arkansas which includes a detailed map of the land application site.
Material whose water content is high enough that it can be handled as a liquid.
A shorthand system to provide detailed soil descriptions. Includes such groupings as order, suborder, subgroup, and family.
The conditions of frequency and duration of periods of saturation or partial saturation that existed during the development of the soils, as opposed to human-altered drainage. Different classes are described by such terms as excessively drained, well-drained, and poorly drained.
A layer of soil, approximately parallel to the surface, that has distinct characteristics, such as color, structure, and texture. Described in shorthand form by letters, such as A, B, and C.
A soil or combination of soils delineated on a map and, where possible, named to show the taxonomic unit or units included.
The quality that enables soil to transmit water or air. Slowly permeable soils have fine-textured materials like clays that permit only slow water movement. Moderately or highly permeable soils have coarse-textured materials like sand that permit rapid water movement.
The basic unit of soil classification, consisting of soils that are essentially alike in all major profile characteristics.
The upper and most weathered part of the soil profile, consisting of the A and B horizons.
The relative amount of different soil particles (sand, silt, and clay) in a soil. Described by such terms as "sandy loam" and "silty clay."
A pick-up service provided by businesses that reprocess used solvents.
Spill protection usually consists of a catch basin for collecting spills when the tank is filled. Overfill protection is a warning or prevention of an overfill, such as an automatic shutoff or buzzer. These precautions can prevent a number of small releases over a very long period of time from polluting the groundwater.
A structure designed and built for the storage of poultry manure.
A structure for holding agricultural wastes.
The B horizon, roughly the part of the solum below the depth of plowing.
a mixture of two or more compatible pesticides for simultaneous application.
The physical condition of soil related to its ease of tillage, fitness as a seedbed, and restriction to seedling emergence and root penetration.
a crop (usually outside the main crop) that serves to attract and concentrate insect pests in an area where they can be easily controlled to reduce infestation in the main crop.
Level of a pest population at which treatment should be initiated to prevent the damage greater than the cost of control.
The potential for a gas.
A plan prepared by the NRCS, an Arkansas Soil and Water Conservation District water quality technician, or a professional engineer registered in Arkansas detailing the management and disposal of liquid wastes generated in a confined animal operation.
The upper level of groundwater in a zone of saturation. Fluctuates with climatic conditions on land surface, and with aquifer discharge and recharge rates.
A stage during the Development cycle of a pest when it is most vulnerable to control strategies.
A device used to cover the top of a well
casing pipe. |
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