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Cropland Pest Management PracticesIntegrated Pest Management • Irrigation and Soil Management • Practices Assessment Why should you be concerned? Pests (weeds, insects, and diseases) are an expected element of any farming system, but negative economic impact from pests can often be prevented. Modern pest management uses a combination of practices. The most sophisticated and effective pest control relies on farming systems that build soil quality and increase a crop's ability to withstand pests. They incorporate rotations, cultural practices, scouting, crop selection, and other field practices to prevent pest problems from occurring. Pest prevention measures allow you to reduce environmental risk while maintaining your profitability. Implementing all appropriate pest-prevention practices increases the quantity and quality of production with less reliance on traditional pesticide inputs. When pest infestations do occur at damaging levels, they can be detected by scouting, and remedial measures should be employed. When selecting pest-control strategies, environmental risks and cost-effectiveness should be considered. If pesticides are part of your overall cropland pest management plan, proper handling and application of pesticides are both desirable and required by law. To learn more about pesticide issues on the farm, see Farm*A*Syst Work sheet #2. How will this worksheet help?It will take you step-by-step through your pest management systems, pesticide-management practices, site, and soil conditions. It will rank your activities according to how they might effect your ability to prevent pest outbreaks and prevent environmental contamination while managing pest problems. It will provide you with easy-to-understand rankings that will help you assess your pest management strengths and weaknesses. It will help you determine which of your practices are effective and which might require modification to reduce your environmental risk. It will assist you with establishing pest management goals. Arkansas cropland pest management risk assessment for pest management practices Use a pencil. You may want to make changes. Skip categories that don't apply to conditions on your farm. For each category that is appropriate to your farm circle the number that best describes farm Write the rank on Worksheet and figure out your risk ranking. Key: 4's - Low Risk 3's - Low-Moderate Risk 2's - Moderate-High Risk 1's - High Risk Integrated pest managementPredominant pest control strategy 4's - Cropping system uses multiple, non-chemical practices (e.g., crop rotation, resistant varieties, biological control, etc.). Pesticides are used judiciously to respond to pest problems diagnosed through scouting 3's - Cropping system uses significantly fewer pesticides by relying on more than one preventative pest-control approach (cultural, biological, mechanical), in combination with chemical control that is based on scouting. 2's - Cropping system rarely uses preventative practices to control pests. Pesticide applications are the primary means to control pests and are based on infrequent scouting. 1's - Pests are controlled solely by pesticides. Cultural practices to minimize pest pressure are not used. IPM knowledge and skills 4's - Farmer and consultant (if hired) understand key pest life-cycle factors and exploit "weak links" for effective management. Pest identification and scouting information are always used to manage pests and beneficial organisms. 3's - Farmer knows key pest species of crops, has been trained in pest identification, or employs a certified, professionally trained consultant. Scouting information is often used to manage pests. Information on beneficials is not used. 2's - Farmer knows key pest species of crops and has been trained in pest identification, but does not routinely use scouting information to manage pests. 1's - Farmer has not been trained to identify pests or does not seek advice from a professional consultant when managing pests. Pest monitoring (including weeds, insects, diseases, vertebrates, nematodes) 4's - Crops are inspected weekly in a systematic pattern throughout crop development. Field records are kept for long-term comparisons. Density of insect pests, weeds, diseases and beneficials are calculated. 3's - Crops are inspected for pests at critical periods of crop development, but pest densities are not monitored. 2's - Crops are not systematically or frequently checked for pests. 1's - Crops are not inspected for pests. Crop rotation 4's - Rotation with more years of small grains (oats, wheat, etc.) and/or legumes than row crops. Additional crop diversity is used, including strip cropping, trap crops, underseeding, and cover crops. 3's - Three-crop rotation used including a legume and/or small grain. Or Rotation of row crop with legume or small grain every other year. 2's - Rotation of row crops with a legume or small grain at least one out of every three years. 1's - Continuous intense row crop(s) with no rotation. Crop resistance 4's - Crop variety is usually selected for pest resistance (resistance to insect feeding, diseases, competitiveness with seeds, etc.) Above yield potential. 3's - Pest resistance is as important as yield when selecting a crop variety. 2's - Pest resistance is considered when selecting a crop variety, but is not the primary factor in choice of variety. 1's - Crop variety is selected only on the basis of price and potential yield. Weed management 4's - Cultural and mechanical practices used to suppress weeds and minimize seed survival (cultivation, crop rotation, certified seed, cover crops, etc.). Weed species and pressure frequently monitored through the of check strips, scouting and field maps. Herbicide rate is based on what is observed in the field. 3's - Weeds are controlled through a combination of chemical and mechanical methods. Field is monitored occasionally and herbicide rate is adjusted on the basis of weed pressure. 2's - Herbicides are the primary means of weed control and selected on the basis of weeds present in fields. 1's - Field is not monitored for weeds. Broad spectrum herbicide is used without regard to weed species or pressure. Insect management 4's - Farmer enhances habitat (food and shelter) for beneficial insects, birds, and pest pathogens. Beneficials are introduced to suppress pest population when economical. Biological pesticides (Bt, pyrethrum, etc.), pheromones, or selective pesticides that protect beneficials are used. 3's - Farmer uses cultural and biological control processes but does not manage cropping system to enhance populations of beneficials. Selective pesticides are used when possible to control pest insects and to protect beneficial organisms. 2's - Farmer is familiar with cultural and biological control but does not actively use it. Insecticides are usually used as a last resort and in accordance with treatment thresholds. 1's - Farmer is unaware of beneficials and reduces their populations through tillage and pesticide use. Insecticides are used as insurance/calendar spray regardless of treatment thresholds. Disease management 4's - Crop diseases are managed through cultural methods (resistant varieties, crop rotation, field and equipment sanitation, certified disease-free seed, etc.). Soil samples for nematodes and tissue samples of diseased plant are diagnosed. Fungicide use is based on disease prediction and scouting information. 3's - Crop diseases are managed through some cultural methods. Fungicide rate is adjusted based on scouting information. 2's - Fungicides are the primary means to manage diseases. Spraying done at first sign of disease. 1's - Field is not monitored for disease. Spraying is done on the basis of stage of crop growth or by calendar date. Additional cultural control methods 4's - Farmer relies on cultural methods to control pests, such as adjusting planting dates, methods and densities to minimize pest pressure; using cultivation/tillage to disrupt pest cycles when necessary; timing harvest to manage pests; managing field residue to reduce pests; using weed-free sand, and cleaning equipment between fields and between uses. 3's - Farmer usually uses cultural methods to control pests. 2's - Farmer occasionally uses cultural methods to control pests. 1's - Farmer relies only on chemical control of pests. Field soil conditionsSoil organic matter and structure 4's - Soil is high in organic matter. (Greater than 3% in fine-textured soils, greater than 1.5% in coarse-textured soils.) Soil is crumbly, loose, and well aerated. 3's - Soil organic matter is at moderate level (2-3% in fine-textured soils, 1.0-1.5% in coarse- textured soils.) Soil has good structure and not compacted. 2's - Soil organic matter is low. (1.2% in fine-textured soils, 0.5-1.0% in coarse-textured soils.) Soil is lumpy, tight, or slightly compacted. 1's - Topsoil has little or no organic matter. Soil is cloddy or dusty, compacted, and poorly aerated. Soil pH 4's - Soil pH is balanced (6.0-7.0) and regularly adjusted for rotation. 3's - Soil pH is slightly high or low. 1's - Soil pH values are excessively high or low (greater than 7.5 or less than 5.5). Site susceptibilitySurface runoff potential 4's - Pesticides are applied to fields with slopes of 0-1%. 3's - Pesticides are applied to fields with slopes of 1-3%. 2's - Pesticides are applied to fields with slopes of 2-5%. 1's - Pesticides are applied to fields with slopes of greater than 5%.
Leaching potential 4's - Water table is greater than 30 feet from the surface for fine (silty clay, clay, sandy clay, very fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam) and medium-textured soils (loam, silt loam, silty clay loam or clay loam). 3's - Water table is greater than 30 feet from the surface for coarse-textured soils (all sands, loamy sands and sandy loam). Or Water table is 11-30 feet from surface for medium- and fine-textured soils. 2's - Water table is 11-30 feet from surface for coarse-textured soils. Or Water table is 6-10 feet from the surface for medium- and fine-textured soils. 1's - Soil is shallow (less than 20 inches) above creviced bedrock. Or Water table is less than 6 feet from the surface for coarse-textured soils. Or Water table is less than 3 feet from surface for all other soils. Deciding to apply a pesticidePlease answer questions that apply to your use of pesticides. Even if you employ a custom applicator, almost all questions should still be answered. Treatment threshold 4's - Pesticide application is made to reduce pest problems only when they reach a predetermined treatment threshold. "Weak link" of pest's life cycle is targeted for pesticide applications, 3's - Pesticide application is based on pest population levels determined by scouting, but treatment threshold is not used. 2's - Pesticide application is made at first sign of pests. 1's - Pesticide application is based only on calendar date or stage of crop development. Pesticide training 4's - People who mix, load, and apply all pesticides are certified through a state regulatory agency, and keep current on pest-control strategies between certifications. 3's - People who mix, load, and apply all pesticides are certified, but do not stay current on new pest-control strategies between certifications. 2's - People seek certification only to mix, load, and apply restricted-use pesticides. 1's - People who mix, load, and apply restricted-use pesticides are not certified. Label reading 4's - Farmer reads pesticide label before purchase, before use, before storage, and before disposal of waste. All label directions are followed. 3's - Farmer reads pesticide label to match the rate with the specific pest. All other precautions are followed. 2's - Farmer reads pesticide label only to determine the general rate to apply the product. 1's - Pesticide label is not checked for safety precautions or directions for use. Pesticide is used in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. Pesticide selection 4's - Farmer selects pesticides for effectiveness, to minimize human health concerns, and to avoid environmental impact (e.g., low toxicity, narrow spectrum, no effort on non-target crops and animals, low leaching and runoff potential, low volatility, short persistence). 3's - Impact on environment is considered in selecting pesticide (e.g., toxicity, effect on non- target crops and animals, solubility, volatility, persistence). 2's - Pesticides are selected on the basis of effectiveness against known pests. Health and environment are not significant factors in pesticide selection. 1's - Pesticides are selected by price and effectiveness only. Resistance management 4's - Active ingredients and pesticide classes are rotated with every application to delay pesticide resistance. 3's - Tank mixes or sequential applications with multiple modes of action are used to delay pesticide resistance. 2's - Pesticide classes are rotated occasionally to delay resistance. 1's - Pesticide classes are not rotated. Pesticides under special state rules 4's - Pesticides under special state rules are not used (atrazine, aldicarb, metam sodium). Alternative pest-control strategies or lower-risk pesticides are used in prohibition areas. 3's - Use of pesticides under special state rule is reduced by rotating with lower-risk pesticides or alternative pest-control strategies. 2's - Pesticides are applied at lower than maximum rates allowed under special rule. 1's - Maximum allowable rate is used for pesticide under special rule. Alternative pest-control strategies are not used or not the first choice. Pesticide applications 4's - Farmer uses pesticide below label rates in conjunction with cultural practices (e.g., banding with cultivation or ridge tillage). 3's - Farmer uses sprayer technologies and methods to reduce amount applied. 2's - Farmer applies pesticides at label rates based on needs determined by scouting. 1's - Pesticides are applied over the label rate, and/or not according to label. Sprayer calibration and maintenance 4's - All spray and granular equipment is serviced before the start of each crop season and calibrated several times during the season. Sprayers are thoroughly rinsed between applications of different types of pesticides. 3's - All spray and granular equipment is serviced and calibrated before the start of each crop season. Sprayers are thoroughly rinsed between applications of different types of pesticides. Calibration is repeated at least once during the growing season. 2's - All spray and granular equipment is serviced and calibrated before the start of each crop season. 1's - Equipment is in disrepair (leaks, clogged, dirty, or cannot be properly calibrated). Distance from water sources 4's Field-mixing of pesticides is done on impervious surface or portable pad, and more than 100 feet from a well or surface water. Setback distances, indicated on pesticide label, are used for streams (intermittent or perennial), wetlands, tile drain inlets, buffer strips and grass waterways. 3's - Field-mixing of pesticides is done more than 100 feet from a well or surface water. Setback distances are used for open surface water, intermittent streams, and tile drain inlets. Buffer strips and grass waterways do not receive pesticide applications. 2's - Pesticides are mixed and loaded 50-100 feet from a well or open surface water and a spill containment system is used. Buffer strips and grass waterways receive pesticide applications. 1's - Pesticides are mixed and loaded within 100 feet of a well or surface water and a spill containment system is not used. Agricultural pesticides are applied to or reach surface water. Weather conditions (wind speed and rain forecast) 4's - Weather forecasts are used to plan pesticide applications. No spraying or chemigation is done when wind would move the pesticide off-target. Pesticide applications are made during label-required rain-free periods. 3's - Weather forecasts are considered when planning to spray. Pesticide applications are made during rain-free periods and at low wind speeds. 2's - Spraying or chemigation is done on windy days. Or Post-emergence pesticides are applied when rain is imminent. 1's - Weather forecasts are not considered when planning to spray. Spraying is done in weather conditions contrary to the label. Drift Management 4's - Farmer follows a written drift management plan. Drift reduction measures always used (low-drift nozzles, high spray volumes, drift reduction agents) for ground and aerial applications. 3's - Farmer does not have drift management plan, but drift reduction measures are frequently used. 2's - Farmer rarely used drift reduction techniques and methods. 1's - Pesticide applications move off-target. Spill response plan 4's - Spill response plan is written, kept current, and reviewed by family and employees. Copies of the plan are filed with the counties Local Emergency Planning Committee. Authorities are notified immediately after a spill of a hazardous compound. 3's - Spill response plan is written and routinely reviewed by family and employees. Phone numbers of emergency response personnel are next to the phone. 2's - Spill response plan is developed but not routinely reviewed by family and employees. 1's - Farm has no written spill response plan. Recordkeeping 4's - In addition to legal requirements (see ), farmer records all operations, including pest management practices and pesticide applications, immediately after they are completed. Records are easily accessible and kept for several years. Records are used to design the pest management program. 3's - Farmer records all pest management strategies and all pesticides applied (restricted use and non-restricted), including target pest and population, state of crop development, weather conditions, and soil conditions. Records are easily accessible and kept for at least 2 years. 2's - Farmer keeps records in accordance with state and federal laws for restricted-use pesticides, including at least the trade name and EPA registration number; total amount applied; date of application, location, size of area, and the crop, commodity or site treated; and name and certification number of applicator. Records are created within 14 days, easily accessible and kept for 2 years. 1's - Records are incomplete and difficult to access. Or No records are kept. Residue management and cover crops 4's - Crop residues and cover crops are always used to minimize pesticide leaching, runoff, and erosion by wind. 3's - Crop residues and cover crops are frequently used to minimize pesticide leaching, runoff, and erosion by wind. 2's - Crop residues and cover crops are sometimes used in fields highly susceptible to leaching, wind erosion, or runoff of pesticides. 1's - Crop residue and cover crops are not used anywhere on the farm. Irrigation management 4's - Irrigation scheduling tools (rain gauges, computer programs, etc.) Are used for all fields to reduce risk of leaching pesticides below the root zone while meeting the water demands of the crop. 3's - Irrigation schedules are adjusted according to transpiration and rainfall rates for the area, but field information is not collected. 2's - Irrigation is based on soil and crop moisture need as estimated by farmer without measurement. 1's - Irrigation is applied periodically regardless of soil and crop water demand, weather forecasts, or pesticide application timing. What do your rankings mean?Assess the number of categories that you have given a high risk or moderate to high risk. The more high and moderate to high-risk ratings you have, the greater your risk for contributing to water-quality problems. To avoid potential problems, you should look for ways to improve your rankings in the high-risk categories. To assess your rankings of individual activities, use these guidelines: Low-risk practices (4s) are ideal and should be your goal. Low-to-moderate-risk practices (3s) provide reasonable protection of water quality. Moderate-to-high-risk 2s) provide inadequate protection of water quality in most circumstances. High-risk practices (1s)indicate a high potential for degrading water quality. To fully interpret your potential for harming drinking-water quality through your pest management practices, you may also wish to consider a site assessment. The Site Evaluation Worksheet (Worksheet 11) ranks soil and subsurface geologic materials and their ability to protect groundwater and surface-water quality. Any site that falls in a category higher than low risk has a reduced ability to attenuate contaminants--that is, in those settings even low- to-moderate-risk (3s) or moderate-to-high-risk (2s) practices have the potential to degrade water quality. If your farm is located on a high- or moderate-to-high-risk site, you should view the groundwater risk as being one category of risk higher than your rankings indicate, and you should develop a plan for implementing practices to enhance groundwater protection. Contacts for information about cropland pest management Your UA-Extension county office. Local source for University recommendations and research. Check the phone directory for listing. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program. Scout training, computer software, pilot IPM programs, publications. Nutrient and Pest Management (NPM) program, On-farm demonstrations, water-quality programs, publications. Pesticide Applicator Training (PAT) program. Education, training for applicator's license, manuals. Insect Diagnostic Laboratory Identification of insect pests. Plant Disease Diagnostic Laboratory Identification of plant diseases Crop Consultants Certified Crop Advisors (CCA-certified) employed by your farm supply dealer. Independent crop consultants. Contact Arkansas Association of Professional Agricultural Consultants (APAC) for names. Arkansas State Plant Board Pesticide regulation, applicator licensing, agricultural resource management Arkansas Soil and Water Conservation Commission, Natural Resources Conservation Service Watershed projects, soil conservation, resource protection and planning. Check local directory for your county office. Irrigation and Soil Management Practices AssessmentWhy should you be concerned? Two major soil management problems are associated with irrigation of agricultural lands. One is salinization, and the other is accelerated erosion. Salinization is the buildup of salts that occurs when irrigation water is used extensively on arid and semiarid soils. Even fresh water is slightly salty, having acquired dissolved sodium, calcium, and magnesium salts. When this water is applied as irrigation to hot, dry soils, where drainage is very low and evaporation is very high, the water passes into the atmosphere and the salts are left behind on the ground, usually as a crust of sodium sulfate. As time passes the salts gradually build up to the point where they become toxic to plants. It has been estimated that as much as 400 tons per acre of salts have accumulated in the soils and shallow groundwater of some heavily irrigated farming regions of southern California. Excessive fresh water is now required to flush out some of these salts to make the soils suitable for crop growth. Much of this brackish water enters nearby streams in irrigation return flows making them so salty that their downstream use for irrigation or other purposes may be jeopardized. How will this worksheet help? It will take you step-by-step through your irrigation and soil management systems. It will rank your activities according to how they might affect your ability to effectively manage irrigation water and soil erosion. It will provide you with easy-to-understand rankings that will help you assess your irrigation and soil management strengths and weaknesses. It will help you determine which of your practices are effective and which might require modification to reduce your environmental risk. It will assist you in establishing irrigation and soil management goals. Arkansas irrigation systems and soil management risk assessment Use a pencil. You may want to make changes. For each category that is appropriate to your farm, circle the number that best describes conditions on your farm. Write the rank on the line on the right. Skip categories that don't apply to your farm. Look below for scoring instructions. Allow about 15-30 minutes to complete the worksheet and figure out your risk ranking for irrigation and soil management practices. Key: Low Risk Low-Moderate Risk Moderate-High RiskHigh Risk Method of irrigation Drip or trickle irrigation is utilized Sprinkler irrigation is utilized. The system is properly designed, maintained and operated. Weather conditions are considered in scheduling irrigation. Sprinkler irrigation is utilized. The system does not undergo regular maintenance. Weather conditions are not an important consideration when scheduling irrigation. Furrow irrigation is utilized. Stream size and length of run Stream size and the length of run are important factors in my furrow irrigation system. They are made as small and as short as possible from the beginning of irrigation. Stream size is important in my furrow irrigation system, and it is adjusted so that the water reaches the tail end of the furrow in one-quarter to one-half the total irrigation system. I do not consider avoiding a large stream size or a long run as an important factor in my furrow irrigation system, but I do try to limit their size when I feel it is appropriate. Avoiding large stream sizes or long runs are not factors in my furrow irrigation system. Duration of irrigation Irrigations on my farm are specifically managed to be few in number, and long in duration. Irrigations on my farm are not managed specifically to be, but tend to be, few in number, and long in duration. Irrigations on my farm are not managed specifically to be, but tend to be, frequent in number and short in duration. Irrigations on my farm are specifically managed to be frequent in number and short in duration. Cultivation timing I do not cultivate between irrigations I keep cultivation between irrigations to a minimum I cultivate between irrigations whenever necessary I schedule cultivation to take place between irrigations Slope Slope is small (less than 2%), or is moderate but managed to reduce the slope effect by running furrows across instead of down the slope. Slope is large, (over 5%), but is actively managed to reduce the effects of slope. Slope is moderate (2 to 5%), but not considered a factor in irrigation management. Slope is large, but not considered a factor in irrigation management. Cropping Field is seeded to small grain or forage crops, and a vegetative filter strip is used to reduce erosion at the head of the field. Field is seeded to small grain or forage crops, but there is no vegetative filter strip at the head of the field to reduce erosion. Field is planted to row crops, and a vegetative filter strip is used to reduce erosion at the head of the field Row crop but there is no vegetative filter strip at the head of the field to reduce erosion. Tillage and residue management Reduced tillage systems are utilized, and crop residue management is an important factor in my irrigation and soil management system. Reduced tillage systems are used, but crop residue management is not a factor in my irrigation and soil management system. Conventional tillage systems are used, but crop residue management is considered in my irrigation and soil management system. Conventional tillage systems are used. Minimizing tillage and managing crop residue are not factors in my irrigation and soil management system. What do your rankings mean? Assess the number of categories that you have given a high risk or a moderate to high risk. The more high and moderate to high risk ratings you have, the greater your risk for contributing to water quality problems. To avoid potential problems, you should look for ways to improve your rankings in the high risk categories. To assess your rankings of individual activities, use these guidelines:
To fully interpret your potential for harming drinking water quality through your irrigation and soil management practices, you may also wish to consider a site assessment. The Site Evaluation Worksheet (Worksheet 11) ranks soil and subsurface geologic materials and their ability to protect groundwater and surface water quality. Any site that falls in a category higher that low risk has a reduced ability to attenuate contaminants - that is, in those settings even low-to-moderate risk (3) or moderate-to-high risk (2) practices have to potential to degrade water quality. If your farm is located on a high or moderate-to-high risk site, you should view the groundwater risk as being one category of risk higher than your rankings indicate, and you should develop a plan for implementing practices to enhance groundwater protection. Contacts for Information about Irrigation and Soil ManagementUniversity of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service (CES) The Cooperative Extension Service is a non-regulatory organization that provides current, research-based information on agricultural and natural resource issues to agricultural producers. Extension's role in natural resource management includes the development and implementation of educational programs for producers interested in participation in the EQIP program. For more information, contact your local CES county office or: University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service, P.O. Box 391, Little Rock, AR 72203, (501) 671-2000. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) The Natural Resources Conservation Service is the technical soil and water conservation agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It is responsible for developing and carrying out a national program of conservation for land and water resources. NRCS is considered the lead governmental agency in the administration of EQIP. For information concerning specific EQIP projects, contact your local county NRCS office or the United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Federal Building, Room 5404, 700 West Capitol Avenue, Little Rock, AR 72201, (501) 324-5446. Arkansas Conservation Districts Conservation Districts are political subdivisions of the State of Arkansas, created by a popular vote of resident landowners for the purpose of conserving land and water resources. The Conservation Districts establish natural resource issue priorities on the local level as well as provide local support and strong input into local soil and water conservation programs. They work cooperatively with landowners and governmental agencies to promote conservation programs on a local level. For more information please contact: Arkansas Association of Conservation Districts, 101 East Capitol Avenue, Suite 350, Little Rock, AR 72201, (501) 682-2915. References Dow, A.I., R.E. Hermanson, and R. Parker. 1979. Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Under Irrigation. Extension Bulletin 712. Washington Cooperative Extension Service. Washington State University. Pullman, WA. Owens, Oliver 5. 1985. Water in Natural Resource Conservation: an Ecological Approach. 4th ed., 140-177. Macmillan Pub. Co., New York, NY. Troeth, F.R., J.A. Hobbs, and R.L. Donahue. 1980. Irrigation and Reclamation
in Soil and water Conservation for Productivity and Environmental Protection,
527-570. Prentice-Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. |
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